She Finds Rare Prairie Clover - Missing Since 1873

Known as "The Island of Rare Plants" - Langham Island has a history of both grim abuses and miraculous recoveries. 

When first studied by a botanist in 1872, this little island was found to have an extraordinary number of species that were then very rare - and now are on Endangered lists. Unique among these is Kankakee mallow (Iliamna remota), known to be native nowhere else on the planet. How could a plant survive only here, and why were so many other rare plants with it?

The mallow seemed lost from the island when the Illinois Native Plant Society sponsored a canoe tour there in 2014. The state of the ecosystem shocked us. Indeed most flora seemed lost, and the island had become a dismal tangle of thick brush due to lack of needed fire. But volunteer stewards started cutting and burning on September 13, 2014, and mallow seedlings were noticed emerging from the remains of burn piles on October 25th. That plant wanted to be saved! Since 2014, volunteer stewards have been working to restore the island ecosystem. These days, they work weekly on alternating Saturdays and Thursdays, at least on days when water or ice are not too dangerous to cross. (Everyone is invited to chip in). 

The second rarest plant was the leafy prairie clover - subject of the current drama. It had been thought entirely lost from Illinois for a hundred years (surviving on Earth now mostly in "poor and declining" populations in Tennessee and Alabama).

Here's the story of the leafy prairie clover on Langham, as told by the first person to start caring for the island's ecosystem, botanist John Schwegman:

The leafy prairie clover (Dalea foliosa) was first discovered on the island
on August 27, 1872 by E. J. Hill. He found it growing on "gravelly banks".
Realizing he had discovered a little known species, he returned July 28, 1873
to collect more. In a letter to Harry Patterson dated November 29, 1873, Hill,
referring to the leafy prairie clover, writes "In fact I found but five plants after
thorough search. Four of these I dug up, sending two of the roots to Dr. (Asa)
Gray, to cultivate, fearing I might exterminate; the other was left". This species

has not been seen on the island since.

Employed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, John Schwegman and colleague Bill Glass worked to restore ecological health to the island from 1983 to 2003 by cutting brush and burning. During that time, they also attempted to restore the leafy prairie clover by scattering seeds from populations nearby, first contemporary Illinois populations discovered by Jerry Wilhelm starting on August 7, 1974 in nearby Will county. But cutbacks in staff and funding resulted in no resources being directed to manage the island subsequent to the retirements of Schwegman and Glass. 

The volunteers have every year kept an eye out for leafy prairie clover plants that might conceivably result from the seeds broadcast by Schwegman and Glass. (Legume seeds may wait for years before germinating. Young plants don't bloom. Deer may eat unprotected plants, which may then die, or which may sprout again and start building up enough root resources to bloom.)

On Thursday July 17, 2025 steward Karen Horn was hard at work pulling invasive sweet clover and wandered down the steep slope on the northwest side of the island, more than her legs were altogether comfortable with. She hadn't been that far for at least two years, she says. But she had to go where the sweet clover was. Suddenly into her vision popped this phantom plant. She didn't know what it was, but she knew it was unfamiliar. She queried iNaturalist, which responded "leafy prairie clover." She texted two pictures of the plant, without any comment, to Ryan Sorrells.  Ryan, a botanist and Langham Island expert, immediately called her and asked, “Karen, where are you?”  He confirmed the plant was leafy prairie clover and suggested we find a way to protect the plant from deer browsing and notify Kim Roman of Illinois Nature Preserves Commission. It was the first sighting on the island since 1873.

Some volunteers are not as young as we used to be. Only one wanted to go up and down the steep and unstable slope that late in the day. So Steve Bohan found some unused cage material, and Craig Goodwin raced with it to Karen's side. 

As Craig completes the cage, Karen takes the photo. 

In the foreground of the photo are Craig's loppers and "Buckthorn Blaster." Normally to cage a plant from deer, you drive stakes into the ground. But this area was solid rock, thinly covered by stones and river flotsam left during floods. It's a challenging habitat, but this plant is known for living in shallow soil over bedrock. It faces hardships and finds its way under conditions where most other plants can't.  Craig and Karen made kind of a tent of caging over the prairie clover and weighted down its edges with heavy rocks. 

A challenging habitat, stones and river flotsam on bedrock.

Karen wasn't sure if they found a few plants or just one plant with many stems. They will look closer when they get a chance. Seeds sometimes lie in the soil for long times, protected by impervious seed coats. We want to know where Schwegman planted seeds. Did this plant (or these plants) come from them? Good people will study.

Leafy prairie clover. Found on "The Island of Rare Plants"
by Karen Horn for the first time in 152 years.

Congratulations to Karen, Craig, and the whole team. Their dedication has worked so many wonders, and here's another.

Karen Horn, the rediscoverer!

John Schwegman's article on the flora of Langham Island is here.

Information on Friends of Illinois Nature Preserves, who support such work, is here. 

Leafy prairie clover photos by Karen Horn.

Thanks for proofing and edits to Eriko Kojima.